The overtones of the double-bass in particular superpose the lowest flute notes. It is for this reason that several flutes are used to boost the volume. In the middle register the flute sounds mellow, light, wafting, bright and rich. These characteristics are often used for solo work. They are ideally suited for playing melody lines along with the violins, and are therefore found fulfilling precisely this task in practically every orchestral work.
This means that flutists mainly use naturals 1 and 2 and only rarely naturals 3 and 4. With the aid of the keys the notes from B3—D5 are played starting from the fundamental 1st natural. The footjoint is detachable; the C footjoint is standard and contains the tone holes for the low notes from Eb4 to C4. By replacing it with a B footjoint B3 becomes playable as well although the higher notes do not respond so well on this footjoint.
The high notes are generally produced by means of special fingerings rather than by overblowing. Exceptions are made in difficult passages, however, where it is not unusual for the notes D6 through A6 to be produced by overblowing to the 3rd natural twelfth. As this happens, the sound pressure in this section of the instrument falls, and air is sucked back in. Waves are then produced that cause the air around the edge of the embouchure hole to vibrate up and down, producing changes in the sound.
A reflective plate and natural cork are situated to the left of the embouchure hole. We will show this on an acrylic flute built for research purposes.
The reflective plate is fixed in a position 17 mm from the center of the embouchure hole. Under normal circumstances, do not turn the crown head screw , as this will cause the reflective plate to slip out of place.
Breath injected into the flute strikes the reflective plate and is directed to the right. The quality of the cork influences the quality of the sound. The head joint tube narrows toward its left end. This is described as a tapered tube. In musical instrument terminology, "tapering" refers to the manner in which a tube opens out.
Yamaha manufactures three different types of tapered tube. A G-tapered tube essentially expands evenly in diameter from the thin end to the thick end. It offers a strong resistance when blown and produces a deep sound. A C-tapered tube has a streamlined shape like a liquor bottle. It is easy to blow into and produces a light timbre. The shape of a Y-tapered tube is a combination of the G- and C-tapered tube shapes, offering moderate resistance when blown and producing a delicate sound.
There are also a number of variations to the cut of the embouchure hole. First, the embouchure hole can be cut square or rounded, and there can be variation in the amount of shoulder cut or undercut. The nature of the tapering determines the most suitable cut for the embouchure hole, which, in turn, greatly affects the feel of the instrument when you play it. The embouchure hole of a flute is always situated at a distance of 17mm from the cork more precisely, the near end of the reflective plate.
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