Key Tammany bosses through the years included William M. Tweed, Richard F. Croker, and Charles F. Irish immigrants forced Tammany Hall to admit them as members in , and the Irish thereafter never lost their tie with it. Because in the s Tammany successfully fought to extend the franchise to all propertyless white males, it was popular with the working class.
A close association with the Democratic party was also forged in the Jacksonian era. A criminal judge, for example, appointed or kept in office by Tammany Hall would have to listen carefully to a local ward leader asking for a suspended sentence in a particular case. Later, the hundreds receiving Tammany Hall assistance with problems or baskets of food on holidays would show their gratitude at the polls.
It retained some strength, however, until John V. Eric Foner and John A. Garraty, Editors. All rights reserved. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. From November 8 to November 9, , Adolf Hitler and his followers staged the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich, a failed takeover of the government in Bavaria, a state in southern Germany. Since , Hitler had led the Nazi Party, a fledgling political group that When dilapidated tenement buildings burned down, ring members followed the firetrucks to ensure that families had a place to stay and food to eat.
Immigrants in New York were grateful for the much-needed services from the city and private charities. The Tweed Ring seemed to be creating a healthier society, and in overwhelming numbers, immigrants happily voted for the Democrats who ran the city. The New York Times exposed the rampant corruption of his ring and ran stories of the various frauds.
Tweed was actually more concerned about the cartoons than about the investigative stories, because many of his constituents were illiterate but understood the message of the drawings. He offered bribes to the editor of the New York Times and to Nast to stop their public criticisms, but neither accepted. Boss Tweed was arrested in October and indicted shortly thereafter.
He was tried in , and after a hung jury in the first trial, he was found guilty in a second trial of more than crimes including forgery and larceny. He was sentenced to 12 years in prison. While he was in jail, Tweed was allowed to visit his family at home and take meals with them while a few guards waited at his doorstep. He seized an opportunity at one of these meals to escape in disguise across the Hudson to New Jersey, and then by boat to Florida, from there to Cuba, and finally to Spain.
With his health broken and few remaining supporters, Tweed died in jail in Political machines corruptly ran several major cities throughout the United States, particularly in the Northeast and Midwest where millions of immigrants had settled.
The machines may have provided essential services for immigrants, but their corruption destroyed good government and civil society by undermining the rule of law. By the early twentieth century, Progressive reformers had begun to target the bosses and political machines to reform city government in the United States. An event that propelled William Tweed to a position of respect and more power in New York City was his.
Which of the following emerged to seek to correct the problems created by the situation lampooned in the cartoon? Nast, Thomas. Thomas Nast Cartoons on Boss Tweed. Bill of Rights Institute. Ackerman, Kenneth D.
New York: Carroll and Graf, Allswang, John M. Bosses, Machines, and Urban Votes. Brands, H. American Colossus: The Triumph of Capitalism, New York: Doubleday, He introduced a system of organization in which assembly district leaders elected a leader, an unsalaried, extra-legal commander of operations.
They also appointed precinct captains whose job it was to help families in their neighborhoods in times of emergency, to find them work, to ease any problems they had with the law, and to make sure that they voted. Although ballot boxes were often stolen on election day, most victories by candidates allied with Tammany Hall were achieved through year-round attention to voters' needs and interests.
Because the boss controlled nominations to elective offices, he had the last word in the discretionary appointments made by successful candidates for municipal office and used this power to reward loyal district leaders and supporters and to punish dissenters. Political integration of different ethnic groups varied widely. From mid century Irish men dominated Tammany Hall and virtually monopolized district leaderships, remaining in power despite the changing population of their neighborhoods.
Many Jews and Germans were admitted to the Tammany Society and were chosen to be state legislators, congressional representatives, and judges. The growing Italian population was largely ignored, and when the number of black voters in Harlem became significant the neighborhood was subdivided and reallocated to adjacent districts with white majorities, Richard Croker, the boss from to retained Kelly's system but delegated decisions about patronage to local leaders more than Kelly had done.
After consolidation in the primacy of Tammany Hall depended on gaining the cooperation of Democrats in the outer boroughs. Those in Brooklyn opposed the organization until John H.
McCooey became the leader of Kings County in He was a long-time friend of Croker's successor, Charles F. One result of their collaboration was the nomination of two mayoral candidates from Brooklyn, William J. Gaynor in and John F. Hylan in In state government during these years politicians allied with Tammany Hall sponsored progressive labor laws and opposed Prohibition and censorship.
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